Ethiopian Empire

Founded in 1270, remained independent throughout the colonial period

• Capital: Gondar
• Ruler: Emperor Sahle Dengel
• Region: Horn of Africa

Kingdom of Madagascar

Independent until French colonization in 1895

• Capital: Antananarivo
• Ruler: Queen Ranavalona I
• Region: Indian Ocean

Sultanate of Morocco

Maintained independence despite European pressure

• Capital: Fez
• Ruler: Sultan Abd al-Rahman
• Region: North Africa

Kingdom of Dahomey

Powerful West African kingdom

• Capital: Abomey
• Region: West Africa
• Known for: Strong military